Forty women leaders from international organisations, the US Government, the Military, Academia and local NGOs met at a 2-day seminar conducted by the Washington DC-based organisation Women In International Security (WIIS). Speakers included Fatima Gailani of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan, Shirin Tahir-Kheli of Johns Hopkins' School of Advanced International Studies, South Africa's Deputy Minister of Defence, Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, and the UN's Funmi Olonisakin.